 :

    (. William Ross Ashby; 6  1903, , , - 15  1972) -  ,   ,     .

 
   .  1930  .  1947  1959        en: Barnwood House Hospital  , .  1959-1960       (Burden Neurological Institute).  1960 -      , Department of Electrical Engineering (, ).  1971       (en: Royal College of Psychiatry).
     (1948),   .      ,    ( ):        ,     (     )     ,     .
        .

 
 Principles of the Self-Organizing Dynamic System, Journal of General Psychology, 1947, volume 37, pages 125-128 (      ).
 Design for a Brain, Chapman & Hall, 2nd edition, 1966, ISBN 0-412-20090-2 (original edition, 1952),    ..  .    - .: , 1962. - 397 .
 Introduction to Cybernetics, Chapman & Hall, 1956, ISBN 0-416-68300-2 (      PDF    Principia Cybernetica).   ,  , , 1959.
 Principles of Self-Organizing Systems in Heinz Von Foerster and George W. Zopf, Jr. (eds.), Principles of Self-Organization (Sponsored by Information Systems Branch, U.S. Office of Naval Research), 1962.