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     (. John Ronald Reuel Tolkien; 3  1892, ,   - 2  1973, , ) -    , , , .
  -     ,      (37 , 63 , 121 )    .        : ,    ,    .     ,         XX .
             -   (1925-1945),         -   (1945-1959).     ..       . 28  1972          ()   II.
         ,         ,    .            , , ,               .  1951-1955            (. Legendarium).          ,  -             -, ,  ,  .
  2008    The Times        50     1945 .  2009    Forbes           .

 

  
        .      ,   XVIII      ,     ,    .        tollkuhn,    .     Tolkien         - ,       .    ,  ,  ,     Tolkynen      ( - ),      .   ,   ,     .
   ,      (. Suffield),   ,    XIX           (Lamb House).  1812           ,   1826  ,   ,      .

 
      3  1892   ,    ( -, ).  ,    (1857-1896),   ,    ( ) (1870-1904),               . 17  1894        ,   .
     ,    .   ,       ,         .  ,          ,     ,       ,           .          ,   .
  1896       ,    .        ,    .     ,     .    :       .      .
               ,  -   .     ,    ,   (      -)     ;         .             , ,   ,     .
       ,      ,          .   ,   ,          .   ,             ,         ,   ,           .       1904 ,   34 ;            ,    ,    .          ,        .
      .              .  1900       ,          - , , , .      ,            (     14    19,    ,      -      ).           .

 
  1911         ()     -   (. Rob Gilson),   (. Geoffrey Smith)    (. Christopher Wiseman) -   ,   -      (. T.C.B.S., Tea Club and Barrovian Society).     ,    ,       (. Barrow),     ,    .        , ,    1914      .
  1911     ,       1968 , ,          ,          .             (-).

  
  1908       ,  ,      .
       ,            .       ,       ,     21  -    ,       .   ,         .       .
     ,    21 ,    ,         .  ,         ,   ,     .          ,     .  ,      .
       1913 ,   - 22  1916     ,    . .         .    56     :   -    (1917),    (1920),   (1924),      (1929).

 
  1914       ,           .  1915              ;            .
      ,         ( ),    ,            .      :     ,  1922           ,        ( 30 )          .
             (. Middle-Earth),    .      ,     , ,    ,      1937    .   ,      ;                1954 ,      .
       ,     ,  .  ,    ,      ,        .          .

   
  1914       .     ,         .      ,          1915 .            .   11-   13-       (. Cannock Chase).      ,  ,   , -      . 4  1916     11-    ,     ,   .           The Lonely Isle ( ).   :        .     ...   .
      ,         (. Battle of Thiepval Ridge)      (. Schwaben Redoubt).    (. John Garth):
          ,    ,     , .  ,           ,    .       .           ,    .
 - John Garth, Tolkien and the Great War, pages 94 - 95.
         ,      , ,      . - ,     ,    ,      .            .
 27  1916     ,  ,     .     .  (. Mervyn S. Evers),       :
          (. Brigade Machine Gun Officer)      ...          ,    .   ,      .      ,        ,      , ,   ,      .          ,    .  ,   ,   ,        ,         .
 - Quoted in John Garth, Tolkien and the Great War, p. 200.
        8  1916    .     ,      ,    .       ,  ,          ,    :
  ,      ,     ,      ,         1914-    ,   1939-   .  1918-       .
 - The Lord of the Rings. Preface to the Second Edition.

  
           ,       .
         - (. Little Haywood)          (. The Book of Lost Tales),     (. The Fall of Gondolin).   1917  1918      ,     ,       ,    .        ,     (. John Francis Reuel Tolkien).
     -- (. Kingston upon Hull),       ,    (. Roos),          .     1971   :
      ,         .        ,       (        (. Humber Garrison)  1917 ,       ).         ,  ,  ,  -,      .      ,              (. Mandos).
 - Letters, . 340.
           ,          .

    
              1919 ,  ,   ,        ,            ,    W.  1920      (    )      ,  ( )     .                  (     ) - ,   -  ,           ,        (Perle -  )   .  1925     ,   ( 1945 )          .   1930-    ..       .
             ,   - 20   ,   2002       .  1932         (  -   , ,   ),    ,         ,  -.

 
  1920-     ,     1926 ,   .            2014 ,            90     .
              ,   :   ,        .  .              , ,        ,       .          :      ,       -             ,      .  ,          ,        , , ,      . ,          ,         .     ,     :  -     ,          .
    ,    ,      :
    ,              ,     Hwt! (        ),      ! (Quiet!)       ,        ,        ,       :           ,      .
         :
   ,  -  ,      ,   ,   .     .

   
           .   1939                 .            .     ,       ,   ,    ,          .       .
  2009    ,                500   .
         ,       .  1945     :
 ,      ,  , ,   - ,           ,    .  ,     , -     .   ,      - .      ,      ,        .   ,   , ,    ,   -  ,   , ,  ,     ,   ,   : .
 -  .. . . -  96. .: .. 

  .  
  1945           - (.)         1959 .           (. University College Dublin).  1954           (      ).
  1948         -      .     Allen & Unwin.   ,       ,      .   1950       Collins,      (Milton Waldman) ,      .  1952      Allen & Unwin:         .     ,  .
   1960-           Ballantine Books     .     :  1960-,        ,       .   1960-     .   ,    ,      .      ,      .
  1961   .         .       ,            .         .
            (.),    1966 .

 
     1971     .
   1972       ,   .          . 28  1973     ,    -  . 30 ,  ,          .     ,  ,    .   ,        ,      .     ,    ,      2  1973           .
     .     :
   
 
 1889-1971
  
  
 
 1892-1973
  ,   1973 ,  ,    .

 
    ,         ,             ,   ,    ,        .  1943   :         ( ,     ,      ) -    .
        ,          .  1936      ,    -,  :   ...       -            !  ,           ... , ,   ,      ,    ( ) :  ( )    -  ,   .
       ,          .        ,    .        ,          ( )       :
  - ,     ...      ,  ,   ,      ,       .
                .              .             , ,         .            ,   ,          ,      ,    .    ,          .                  . ,                ,      .   ,            .                 c         .

           ,       .          - .  ,     ,       .

  
          ,    .               .      : ,    ;  -   .     ,   ,     .   :    ,   ,     -    ,   ,    ,    .   ,  .
           ,      1931 .
         ,   .     ,          .   52 ,     (365-52x7=1)       .      -          .

 
   
 1925 -      (   E.B. )
 1937 - ,     / The Hobbit or There and Back Again -       .         -        .     ,              .         .           .
 1945 -    / Leaf by Niggle
 1945 -      / The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun
 1949 -     / Farmer Giles of Ham
 1953 -  ,   / The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhthelms Son ()
 1954-1955 -   / The Lord of the Rings. ,    1970-           .   . ,   ,    ,      1960- .      ,    -       :
 1954 -   / The Fellowship of the Ring;
 1954 -   / The Two Towers;
 1955 -   / The Return of the King.
 1962 -          / The Adventures of Tom Bombadil and Other Verses from the Red Book ( ).
 1967 -      / The Road Goes Ever On (  )
 1967 -     / Smith of Wootton Major

  
       ,  :
 1976 -    / The Father Christmas Letters
 1977 -  / The Silmarillion
 1980 -      / Unfinished Tales of Numenor and Middle-earth
 1983 -    / The Monsters And The Critics And Others Esseys
 1983-1996 -   / The History of Middle-earth ( 12- )
 1997 -    / Tales from the Perilous Realm
 1998 -  / The Roverandom
 2007 -   / The Children of Hurin
 2009 -      / The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrun
 2009 -   / The History of The Hobbit
 2013 -   / The Fall of Arthur
 2014 - :    / Beowulf - A Translation And Commentary
 2015 -   / The Story of Kullervo
 2017 -    / Beren and Luthien
 2018 -   / The Fall of Gondolin
         :
 2021 -   / The Nature of Middle-earth

 
         XX   XXI .      , , ,  ,  .     , , .         ,    .
      ,        ( , 1978),        ( , 1980),    1977 .
  1991     ,       .
  1985 ,       ()     -     , ,   ,  ,   .   .        ,           . -     .
   1990-     .          ,     .         ,   -  .      ,     ,      .      -   ,   .
  2001-2003           ,          3  .       ,    :  2012      :  ,   - :  ,     2014   :   .
  2017   Amazon         :      ,     .       2  2022.
           ,      The Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth  MMORPG   .  ,   Burzum, Blind Guardian, Battlelore, Summoning,    - Hobbitshire  ,          .
     ,          ,   ,  ,  ,  ,  .           .
      . ,  ,  , ,   , ,       ,   , , -,     -.      , ,   ,   ,         -.        :         -    ,    .

 ,    
    :
  (2675) Tolkien;
  Tolkien  ;
  - Leucothoe tolkieni       -- ( );
  Gabrius tolkieni Schillhammer, 1997 (   (Khandbari, Induwa Khola Valley));
   Martesia tolkieni Kennedy, 1974;
    Tolkienia   Acastidae (Phacopida).
       ,    ,       .

   
  2019       .      .

 
 1970-  - $16000 (,           ).

   
 1957 - International Fantasy Award     (Fiction)    (The Lord of the Rings) (1955)
 1974 - Hugo Award.     (Gandalf Award Grand Master of Fantasy)
 1978 - Locus Award     (Fantasy Novel)   (The Silmarillion) (1977)
 1978 - Hugo Award.          (Gandalf Award Book-Length Fantasy)   (The Silmarillion) (1977)
 1979 - Balrog Awards.   (Professional Achievement)
 1981 - Balrog Awards    /  (Collection/Anthology)       (Unfinishied Tales of Numenor and Middle-earth) (1980)
 1981 - Mythopoeic Awards            (Unfinishied Tales of Numenor and Middle-earth)     (1980)
 1989 - Mythopoeic Awards          The Return of the Shadow (The History of The Lord of the Rings. Part I) (1988)
 1990 -       ()    (The Two Towers) (1954)
 1991 -       ()    (The Lord of the Rings) (1955)
 2000 - Mythopoeic Awards           (Roverandom) (1998)
 2002 - Deutscher Phantastik Preis    
 2003 - Mythopoeic Awards          Beowulf and the Critics (2002)
 2009 - Mythopoeic Awards          The History of The Hobbit (2007)
 2009 - Prometheus Awards.     (Hall of Fame)    (The Lord of the Rings) (1955)

  
 
 2002 - USC Scripter Award      :   ( ,     ,       )
 2003 - USC Scripter Award      :   ( ,     ,   ,       )
 2004 - USC Scripter Award      :   ( ,     ,       )
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  () (Tolkien)    (1892-1973),  , .   ,     (1937).  -     (  ,  ,  1954,  , 1955;   - 1966) -         ;   -  -  -;          .   .  (1934)   (1937),   .
  . 2000.
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     (. John Ronald Reuel Tolkien;           (: /? tlkin/) ; 3  1892-2  1973) -  , , ,      ,    ,       -  .
       (1925-1945),     (1945-1959).  ,     ..      . 28  1972            II.
         ,       ,    .            , , ,               .  1951-1955            (. Legendarium).
          ,  -             -, ,  ,  .
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 ***         *       *** 5.1 ***
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 | -     
 | -Ȧ    
 |  (John Ronald Reuel Tolkien)
 |   (03.01.1892 - 02.09.1973)
 |   
 |   
 |  
 |  
 |, ʦ :
     (. John Ronald Reuel Tolkien; 3  1892, ,   - 2  1973, , ) -    , , , .
  -     ,      (37 , 63 , 121 )    .        : ,    ,    .     ,         XX .
             -   (1925-1945),         -   (1945-1959).     ..       . 28  1972          ()   II.
         ,         ,    .            , , ,               .  1951-1955            (. Legendarium).          ,  -             -, ,  ,  .
  2008    The Times        50     1945 .  2009    Forbes           ...
 |-ߦ :
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